"The strategy states that the proliferation of renewable energy (RE) in Viet Nam should be done in accordance with socio-economic development needs. The RE Strategy will focus on ""proven"" technologies, such as wind, solar, biomass, biogas, and hydropower. The law will incentivize RE uptake through market mechanisms, such as devoting capital from all economic sectors towards RE, and improving RE technology competitiveness. The specific goals are as follows:
* Increase the total production and use of RE sources from approx. 25 million ton of oil equivalent in 2015 to 37 million TOE in 2020; approx. 62 million TOE in 2030 and 138 million TOE in 2050
* The RE share in total primary energy consumption in 2015 shall be approx. 31.8%; 31% in 2020; 32.3% in 2030 and 44% in 2050.
*Increase the total electricity production from RE sources from approx. 58 billion kWh in 2015 to 101 billion kWh in 2020, approx. 186 billion kWh in 2030 and 452 billion kWh in 2050. The share of RE-based electricity in the total national production shall rise from 35% in 2015 to 38% in 2020; 32% in 2030 and 43% in 2050.
* Increase the absorption area of solar water-heating units from approx. 3 million m^2 in 2015 to about 8 million m^2 in 2020; approx. 22 million m^2 in 2030 and approx. 41 million m^2 in 2050. *Increase the proportion of households with solar water-heating devices (solar water-heating panels, residential cooking hobs, air heating and cooling units, water distillation, etc.) from approx. 4.3% in 2015 to 12% in 2020, 26% in 2030 and 50% in 2050.
*Scale up the application of biogas technologies with a construction volume of from approx. 4 million m3 in 2015 to 8 million m^3 in 2020; approx. 60 million m^3 in 2030, and 100 million m^3
in 2050.
*Increase the production of biofuels from approx. 150 thousand TOE in 2015 to about
800 thousand TOE, , i.e. 5% of transport sector’s fuel demand in 2020; 3.7 million TOE, i.e.
13% of transport sector’s fuel demand in 2030; 10.5 million TOE, i.e. 25% of transport
sector’s fuel demand in 2050."
"This policy reiterates the need for development in the power sector to improve electricity access. Domestic electricity will be used with a ""rational"" amount of imported electricity.
* The share of electricity produced by hydropower will be 29.5% in 2020, 20.5% un 2025, and 15.5% in 2030
* The share of electricity produced by wind power will be 0.8% in 2020, 1.1% in 2025, 15.5% in 2030
* The share of electricity produced by biomass will be 1.1% in 2020, 1.2% in 2025, 2.1% in 2030
* The share of electricity produced by solar power will be 0.5% in 2020, 1.6% in 2025, 3.3% in 2030
* The share of electricity produced by thermal power (LNG) will be 16.6% in 2020, 19% in 2025, and 16.8% in 2030
* The share of electricity produced by coal will be 49.3% in 2020, 55% in 2025, and 53.2% in 2030
* A nuclear power plant will go into operation in 2028"
This document outlines Vietnam's Sustainable Development Goals for 2030, and integrate their targest into socioeconomic development. Several of these targets pertain to climate change. For example, Goal 2 is to build natural disaster warning capacities, and to prepare for the effects of rising sea levels. Goal 7 states the need to reach 3% renewable energy in 2020, and 32.3% renewable energy in 2030. Furthermore, Goal 3 states that need to improve public transit.
"Aims to provide sufficient energy to meet Viet Nam's socioeconomic development goals. Specific targets include:
* 175-195 million ToE of oil by 2050, and 320-350 million ToE provuded by 2045
* 120-130 GW total installed capacity of power sources by 2030
* 550-600 million kwh of power outpout by 2030
* The share of renewable energy will be 15-20% in 2030, and 25-30% in 2045
* By 2030, GHG emissions from the energy sector will be 15% less than the BaU scenario by 2030, and 20% less by 2045
Furthermore, the plan aims to development an efficient grid system with regional interconnectivity. But this law notably also calls for the expansion of fossil fuel sectors like coal and LNG alongside renewable energy development"
"This policy outlines a phased approach to decarbonizing transportation, including road travel, maritime, aviation, and urban transport. The phases are the 2022-2030 period, and the 2031-2050 period.
* In terms of roadways, from 2022-2030, Viet Nam plans to shift the manufacturing, assembly, and vehicle imports to EVs, though they say they will also promote the use of blended fuels. By 2040, Viet Nam hopes to phase out the manufacturing, assembly, and importing of road vehicles with fossil fuels for domestic use. By 2050, Viet Nam als aims to use 100% electricity and green energy for traffic use.
* In terms of urban traffic, from 2025 onwards, Viet Nam will use electricity and green energy to power 100% of new buses. In large cities such as Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city, the rate of public transport will reach 45-50% and 25%, respectively. From 2030 onwards, at least 50% of vehicles will be using electricity and green energy, and 100% for new taxis. By 2050, electricity and green energy will be used for 100% of buses and taxis. "
"In line with the Global Methane Pledge (GMP), under this plan, Viet Nam aims to:
* Reduce overall methane emissions by at least 13.34% below 2020 levels by 2025
* reduce overall emissions by at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030 "
"* Viet Nam's energy development is key for national security and the shift towards a green, low-carbon, circular economy. The plan also mentions a goal to connect Viet Nam's electricity grid of that with Laos, and import electricity. Specific targets include:
* Commercial electricity: Around 335,0 billion kWh by 2025; around 505,2 billion kWh by 2030; around 1.114,1 - 1.254,6 billion kWh by 2050.
* Manufactured and imported electricity: Around 378,3 billion kWh by 2025; around 567,0 billion kWh by 2030; around 1.224,3 - 1.378,7 billion kWh by 2050.
* Control the level of greenhouse gas produced by modern production processes down to around 204 - 254 million tonne by 2030 and down to around 27 - 31 million tonne by 2050. Aim to limit peak emission level at 170 million tonne by 2030
* By 2030, have electricity export capacity reach around 5.000 - 10.000 MW.
* . By 2030, land-based wind power capacity reaches 21.880 MW (with Vietnam's total potentials around 221.000 MW).
* By 2030, offshore wind power capacity serving domestic electricity demand reaches around 6.000 MW, and will reach around 70.000 - 91.500 MW by 2050.
* In terms of solar power, by 2030, total capacity of solar power sources is expected to increase to about 967.100 MW; by 2050, total capacity is around 168.594 - 189.594 MW
* By 2030, total capacity of hydroelectricity is expected to reach 29.346 MW. By 2050, this will reach 36.016 MW of total capacity
* By 2050, coal-fired electricity is no longer present, and the energy transition to biomass and ammonia is complete, to reach around 25.632 - 32.432 MW of total capacity
* By 2030, the makeup of electricity sources will be as follows: 8.5% solar power, 1.5% biomass, 19.5% hydroelectricity, 1.6% pump storage electricity, 0.2% storage batteries, 1.8% cogeneration, 20% coal fired, 9.9% gas fired, 14.9% LNG, 3.3% imported
* By 2050, the electricity sources will include: 12.2-13.4% land-based wind power, 14.3-16% wind power, 33-34.4% solar power, 1-1.2% hydroelectricity"
"The plan sets target for the energy sector as a whole. It includes new targets for the stockpiling and production of various fuels. Targets include:
* Energy-related GHG emissions of 399-449 MtCO2e in 2030 and 101 MtCO2e in 2050.
* Having a total energy demand of 155 mtoe by 2030 and 165-184 Mtoe in 2050.
* Investments of 4,133-4,808 trillion VND for the energy sector until 2030 (17-26% reduction from BAU scenario), and 11,170-14,590 VND from 2030-2050.
* Develop a CCUS capacity of 1 Mtpa by 2040 and 3-6 Mtpa by 2050.
Fuel-specific targets include:
* Coal output of 41-47 Mtpa for 2021-2030, 39 Mtpa by 2045 and 33 Mtpa by 2050.
* Natural gas output of 5.5-15 bm3pa during 2021-2030, and 10-15 for 2031-2050.
* Oil output of 6-9.5 Mtpa for 2021-2030, and 7-9 Mtpa for 2031-2050.
* Share of RE in the energy supply of 8-10% in 2030, and 15-20% in 2050.
* Biofuel use of 0.20 mtcoe by 2030 and 13 mtcoe by 2050.
* Biogas production of 60 mm3 by 2030 and 100 mm3 by 2050.
* Hydrogen production of 0.1-0.2 Mtpa by 2030 and 10-20 Mtpa by 2050.
* Synthetic fuel production of 2 to 3 Mtpa by 2050"
The National Green Growth Strategy Until 2030 is, according to the Government, "A supplementary strategy which is developed for providing direction and basis for integrating green growth into the sector and local plans in each period, ensuring uniform determination of standards and minimizing inconsistencies, and for encouraging and promoting efficient and effective implementation of the programs and projects that relate to green and sustainable growth in these strategies and plans to ensure achievements of the national socio-economic development goals and the sector and local developments goals in accordance with green and sustainable direction as specified in the Vision 2030, the 10-year Strategy (2016-2025) and the 8th Five-Year National Socio- Economic Development Plan (2016-2020)."
The policy aims at achieving sustainable utilisation and management of natural resources and environment. The strategy is divided into five main themes: sustainable use, management, protection and conservation of natural resources, improvement of environmental quality, adaptation to climate change, enhancement of collaboration collaboration and coordination, and building of the capcacities of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.
The policy aims at fostering the development of renewable energy sources. It sets out a strategy for RE deployment and present possible implementation measures, with a focus on small developments, self sufficiency use, grid development and promotion of biofuels. The priorities of the policy are to provide financial incentives, and improving laws and regulation to accelerate RE deployment.
The strategy's "overall objectives are to contribute to developing the forestry sector and provide environmental protection, particularly addressing issues of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as supporting socio-economic development and livelihood improvement."
The strategy's "overall objectives are to contribute to developing the forestry sector and provide environmental protection, particularly addressing issues of greenhouse gas emissions, as well as supporting socio-economic development and livelihood improvement."
The Five-Year Plan "sets out the fundamental direction for creating a new turning point in socio-economic development in the coming years". It is a comprehensive document that outlines the government's priorities and targets for achieving economic growth, poverty reduction, and social development over the next five years, in order to prepare Lao PDR's graduation from LDC. It includes a green growth component. The plan sets specific goals and targets for various areas. Targets related to climate change were already included in other policies, in particular in the country's NDC.
The PDP is the main long-term strategy for the development of the power sector in Lao PDR. The four objectives of the plan are "to ensure the reliability and security of Lao power system and to get in line with National Socio-economic Development Plan in each period, to diversify the variety of electricity generation such as: hydropower, coal, solar, wind, to expand the Transmission and Distribution system to get in line with electricity generation plan and power demand both for domestic and export, and to reduce power import from neighboring countries and increase power supply during peak demand in the dry season".
This policy aims at defining the government's key strategies regarding climate change adaptation and mitigation. The strategy includes a set of 6 guiding principles for the integration of climate change in the country's policy framework, including the provision that adaptation and mitigation must be integrated in the social economic development plans. The document sets out policy options for multiple sector.
* economy-wide emissions reduction of 41.7% including LULUCF, or 26.5% excluding LULUCF from business as usual levels, by 2030
* renewable power investment, carbon pricing, vehicle inspection, urban planning, energy efficiency, poverty reduction
* voluntary schemes in industry
(BAU baseline: In the BAU scenario, overall GHG emissions in 2030 without the FOLU are expected to rise by up to 79 million tCO2e/year, while overall GHG emissions with the FOLU are expected to increase to 155 million tCO2e/year.)
1. Promote climate resilience through improving food, water and energy security;
2. Reduce sectoral, regional, gender vulnerability and health risks to climate change
impacts;
3. Ensure climate resilience of critical ecosystems (Tonle Sap Lake, Mekong River, coastal
ecosystems, highlands, etc.), biodiversity, protected areas and cultural heritage sites;
4. Promote low-carbon planning and technologies to support sustainable development;
5. Improve capacities, knowledge and awareness for climate change responses;
6. Promote adaptive social protection and participatory approaches in reducing loss and
damage due to climate change;
7. Strengthen institutions and coordination frameworks for national climate change
responses; and
8. Strengthen collaboration and active participation in regional and global climate change
processes
* reduce poverty while maintaining a 7-8% annual economic growth rate
* become a low-middle income country by 2018, and a high-middle income country by 2030 (least-developed country as of 2015, low-mid as of 2023)
* increase climate resilience of agriculture, infrastructure, forestry, human health, and coastal zones
* reduce up to 3100 Gg CO2 equivalent by 2030 from predicted baseline of 11600 Gg by 2030 (aggregate 27% emissions reduction) - primarily from energy
* increase forest cover from 57% (2015) to 60% by 2030
- Promoting and improving the adaptive capacity of communities, especially through community based adaptation actions, and restoring the natural ecology system to respond to climate change
- Implementing management measures for protected areas to adapt to climate change
- Strengthening early warning systems and climate information dissemination
- Developing and rehabilitating the flood protection dykes for agricultural and urban development
- Increasing the use of mobile pumping stations and permanent stations in responding to mini-droughts, and promoting groundwater research in response to drought and climate risk
- Developing climate-proof agriculture systems for adapting to changes in water variability to enhance crop yields.
- Promoting climate resilient agriculture in coastal areas through building sea dykes and scaling-up of climate-smart farming systems
- Developing crop varieties suitable to Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) and resilient to climate change
- Promoting aquaculture production systems and practices that are adaptive to climate change
- Repairing and rehabilitating existing road infrastructure and ensuring effective operation and maintenance, taking into account climate change impacts
- Up-scaling the Malaria Control Program towards pre-elimination status of malaria
- Up-scaling of national programmes to address the risk of acute respiratory infection, diarrhoeal disease and cholera in disaster-prone areas. Including conducting surveillance and research on water-borne and food-borne diseases associated with climate change
- Strengthening technical and institutional capacity to conduct climate change impact assessments, climate change projections, and mainstreaming of climate change into sector and sub-sector development plans.
* In 2020, 80% of villages will be connected to the national grid and another 20% will be supplied by other energy sources such as electricity imported from neighbouring countries or single supply systems. In 2030, 95% of villages of the whole country will be connected to the national grid while another 5% of the villages will be connected to single supply systems with a quality of supply similar to the national grid. ---- In 2020, the gap of electricity selling prices between urban and rural areas will be reduced and the price difference should not exceed 15%.; In 2020, at least 50% of households in Cambodia will be grid-connected with the same quality of supply as those connected to the national grid and 70% of households will follow up to 2030.
* reduce national energy demand by 20% by 2035 from BAU projections
* promote biodigestion/gasification of biomass for energy use
* reduce national CO2 emissions by 3 Mt CO2 by 2035 from BAU projections
* attract private investment in energy infrastructure
* improve energy data collection, processing, and public availability
Objectives are firstly, to fulfill the future demand for power adequacy with the supply of reliable and affordable electricity across all sectors in Cambodia. Secondly, to strengthen energy security by reducing the dependency on energy imports and maximizing the development of domestic energy resources. Thirdly, to increase the share of clean energy, including renewable and variable renewable energy, and energy efficiency, by ensuring reliability and affordability of supply, to contribute to the achievement of Cambodia’s national environmental goals and global commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Import energy from Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand, rapidly increase solar PV capacity, also increase hydro, gas, oil, battery, and biomass usage; nearly double coal usage and then hold it steady at 2,266 MW; installed capacity should more than quadruple over the next 2 decades (see fig 6)
Sets a long list of goals, including the following: engage green private investors, prepare regulations for a green economy, use an ecosystem services payment system, attract carbon credit markets for ecological conservation, measure and control marine pollution, research impacts of sea level rise in Cambodia, educate the coastal public about green growth, strengthen tourism sector...
Provides regulatory guidance on Cambodia's solar market, namely:
* any legal person may operate a solar system for their OWN consumption if said system is NOT connected to the national grid
* to connect to the national electricity grid as a consumer, the consumer must supply power at at least 380 volts, adbide by technical standards and safety conditions, and may only use generated solar energy for their own consumption. In exceptional cases, a consumer may feed energy into the national grid with approval from the EAC and a written agreement from the EDC
*solar energy suppliers who are connected to the national grid may only sell electricity to the EDC (Electritie du Cambodge), the organization which operates the national grid
* before a solar energy project can be connected to the grid, it must be evaluated by the Ministry of Mines and Energy and the EDC, and included in the Power Development Master Plan of the MInistry of Mines and Energy
* Art 13: polluting individuals are responsible for the cost of repairs and measures to prevent, avoid, and reduce environmental damage
* Art 14： individuals who use natural resources must pay for the costs and consequences of that usage
* Art 12: information on environmental protection and resource management must be disseminated widely to the public so they are able to participate in decision making
* Art 11: individuals who may be directly or indirectly affected by any decision regaurding the environment and natural resources have the right to participate in the decision-making after receiving information and before the decision is made.
* Art 10: Individuals may not take action that harms the environment and natural resources. If they must make such an action, they must take appropriate action to minimize such damage.
* Art 18: The public interest must prevail over the interests of private individuals or legal entities on the decision-making process regarding the environment and natural resources
* Art 19: environmental protection and sustainable development must be integrated into development planning from the early stages, and in policies/laws
* Art 39: Permission to import live organisms requires a risk assessment and approval from the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
* Art 36: MOE (Ministry of Environment) shall supervise all activities related to biosafety
continued
Note: (translated from Khmer by Google, exact wording may be subject to translation errors)
The Tenth Malaysia Plan encapsulates the ambitions of both the Government Transformation Programme and the New Economic Model, with a focus on achieving higher income levels, promoting inclusivity, and ensuring sustainability.The report mentions that efforts to fund and support sustainability initiatives encompass the introduction of Feed-in Tariff (FiT) to facilitate financing for renewable energy projects, advocating for projects that qualify for carbon credits, and encouraging investment in green technology.
In an efforts to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, the government has initiated several programs concentrated on five key areas:
i)Enhancing incentives for investments in renewable energy, incorporating the implementation of a one percent Feed-in Tariff (FiT).
ii)Encouraging energy efficiency to promote effective energy utilization.
iii)Enhancing solid waste management practices.
iv) Preserving forest resources.
v) Minimizing emissions to enhance air quality, encompassing emissions from vehicles, industries, and the prevention of haze pollution arising from land and forest fires.
The 11th Malaysia Plan, guided by the Malaysian National Development Strategy, identifies the importance of developing a climate resilient growth strategy divided into adaptation and mitigation activities over the period 2016-2020. It replaces the 11th Malaysia Plan. Under adaptation, actions focus on developing a robust risk framework to assess and quantify climate risk faced by Malaysia's economy. Under mitigation, actions include a feed-in-tariff scheme incorporated into electricity tariffs of consumers to support the development of renewable energy, and the pursuing of the renewable energy fund established under the 11th Malaysia Plan.
The Twelfth Malaysia Plan (12MP) will be aligned with the shared prosperity initiative encompassing three dimensions, namely economic empowerment, environmental sustainability and social re-engineering.
Economic Empowerment
The economic empowerment dimension will include new sources of growth, including Industrial Revolution 4.0, digital economy, aerospace industry, integrated regional development as well as growth enablers such as sustainable energy sources and infrastructure connectivity.
Environmental Sustainability
The environmental sustainability dimension, among others include the blue economy, green technology, renewable energy as well as adaptation and mitigation of climate change.
The Green Technology Master Plan (GTMP) is fundamentally an outcome of the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (2016-2020) which has earmarked green growth as one of six game changers altering the trajectory of the nation’s growth. The GTMP creates a framework which facilitates the mainstreaming of green technology into the planned developments of Malaysia while encompassing the four pillars set in the National Green Technology Policy (NGTP) i.e. energy, environment, economy and social. This first edition of the GTMP focuses on six key sectors, namely Energy, Manufacturing, Transportation, Building, Waste and Water and attempts to harmonise the policy directions of each sector towards a common goal of sustainable utilisation of natural resources. The green technology goals established for each of these sectors will be progressively realised and fine-tuned in the policies and actions developed in every 5-year National Development Plan period.
The National Green Technology Policy recognizes the importance of green technologies to achieve progress. "Green Technology shall be a driver to accelerate the national economy and promote sustainable development". The policy documents is a framework that lays down: Four Pillars (Energy, Environment, Economy & Social); National Green Technology Policy Objectives; National Goals; Strategic Thrusts and National Key Indicators.
The National Policy on Climate Change promotes the implementation of both adaptation and mitigation in an integrated and balanced manner. The National Policy serves as the framework to mobilize and guide government agencies, industry, community as well as other stakeholders and major groups in addressing the challenges of climate change in a concerted and holistic manner. Emphasis is on strengthening capacity of the nation to reduce its vulnerability to climate change whilst promoting mitigation responses that also enhance sustainable development.
The Malaysia Energy Efficiency Action Plan is focused to tackle issues pertaining to energy supply by managing demand efficiently. The Plan prescribes a path towards improving energy efficiency by pursuing the implementation of measures that are considered as “harvesting the low hanging fruits”, as they are viable for the nation as well as the end users. The plan is built upon the experiences and knowledge from past programmes and projects and provides for the instruments for a successful implementation of energy efficiency strategies in the country for a period of 10 years. With effective implementation of Malaysia Energy Efficiency Action Plan will result in saving 50,594 GWh of electricity over the plan period compared to a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. This will correspond to a 6.0% reduction in electricity demand growth by the end of the plan. The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan is supported by 4 main thrusts which are:
Thrust 1: Implementation of Energy Efficiency Action Plan;
Thrust 2: Strengthen Institutional Framework, capacity development and training for Implementation of Energy Efficiency initiatives
Thrust 3: Establishment of Sustainable Funding Mechanisms to Implement Energy Efficiency Initiatives;
Thrust 4: Promotion of Private Sector Investment in Energy Efficiency Initiatives
The National Energy Policy, 2022-2040 (DTN) strategically charts the way forward and outlines key priorities for the energy sector in the coming years. The DTN will position the energy sector as a catalyst for socioeconomic development.
To increase RE contribution in the national power generation mix;
To facilitate the growth of the RE industry;
To ensure reasonable RE generation costs;
To conserve the environment for future generations; and
To enhance awareness on the role and importance of RE.
To augment the National Energy Policy, a Five-Fuel Policy was introduced in 2001 under the 8th Malaysia Plan from 2001 to 2005. The aim was to guide the country's energy mix towards five fuels namely oil, gas, coal, hydro and renewable energy.
The specific objectives of NAP: Turn Malaysia into a regional hub for NxGV (Next Generation Vehicles) technology systems and vehicles production; THRUST ON ENERGY EFFICIENT VEHICLES & SUPPLY CHAIN DEVELOPMENT
Expand the domestic industry in the sector of MaaS (Mobility as a Service) particularly for the development of an integrated transport ecosystem;
Ensure the advancement of the domestic automotive industry is in line with the developments of IR 4.0;
Reduce carbon emission in-line with the ASEAN Fuel Economy Roadmap of 5.3 Lge/100km by 2025; and
Ensure the country benefits from the spin-off economy from the overall implementation of NxGV.
The policy framework seeks to reduce emissions from the transportation sector, which currently ranks as the second-largest CO2 emitter in the nation after the energy sector, contributing 25% to 30% of the nation’s GHG emissions with predominantly internal combustion engines (ICE) vehicles on the road.
The blueprint deploys a policy framework to mainstream the shift towards electrification in the transportation industry as a key strategy to diminish our emissions and contribute towards the achievement of our national Paris Agreement GHG target.
The aspiration highlighted by the Government under the LCMB is to achieve at least 15% of EV out of the total industry volume (TIV) by 2030, with 10,000 units of Charging Facilities built by 2025 (comprising 9,000 alternating current (AC) units and 1,000 direct current (DC) units).
The Green Plan charts ambitious and concrete targets over the next 10 years, strengthening Singapore’s commitments under the UN’s 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and Paris Agreement, and positioning Singapore to achieve its long-term net zero emissions aspiration by 2050. Key targets for 2030 include-
- Plant 1 million more trees and create more green spaces.
- Achieve at least 2 Gigawatt-peak of solar deployment by 2030
- Reduce waste sent to landfill by 30% by 2030; reduce water consumption
- 30 by 30- produce 30% of Singapore’s nutritional needs locally and sustainably
- At least 20% of schools to be carbon neutral by 2030
- All newly registered cars to be cleaner-energy models from 2030
- Deploy 60,000 EV charging points nationwide by 2030
- Reduce energy consumption in existing HDB towns by 15%
- 80% of new buildings (by Gross Floor Area) to be Super Low Energy buildings from 2030
- Singapore as a sustainable tourism destination
- Singapore as a carbon services and green finance hub in Asia
Achieve net zero emissions by 2050 as part of Long-Term Low-Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS).
Reduce emissions to around 60 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) in 2030 after peaking emissions earlier as part of updated 2030 NDC.
1) “Take Action Today, for a Carbon-Efficient Singapore”, contains information on how Singapore intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency to meet its 2030 climate pledge.
2) “A Climate-Resilient Singapore, for a Sustainable Future”, explains how Singapore may be affected by climate change and its strategy to prepare for them.
First released in 2009, the SSB maps out strategies for Singapore’s sustainable development.
The SSB 2015 outlines Singapore’s vision and plans for a more liveable and sustainable Singapore to support the diverse needs and growing aspirations of Singaporeans through various initiatives.
LAYS OUT 2030 TARGET for the nation in deveoping green and blue spaces, mobility, community stewardship, resource sustainability, air quality and drainage systems.
The document outlines Singapore’s plans to address climate change through a whole-of-nation approach. Entitled ‘Climate Change and Singapore: Challenges. Opportunities. Partnerships.’, the document reflects the key elements of Singapore’s climate strategy. They include reducing emissions across sectors, building capabilities to adapt to the impact of climate change, harnessing green growth opportunities as well as forging partnerships on climate change action.
Lays out blueprint for GLOBAL MISSION, NATIONAL VISION, LOCAL ACTION
Singapore will pace hydrogen deployment and infrastructure development in line with technological and global progress and organise efforts around five key thrusts:
1. Experiment with use of advanced hydrogen technologies & commercial readiness.
2. Invest in research and development to unlock technological bottlenecks
3. Pursue international collaborations to enable supply chains for low-carbon hydrogen
4. Undertake long-term land and infrastructure planning
5. Support workforce training and development of Singapore's broader hydrogen economy.
Singapore plans to transform Jurong Island into a Sustainable Energy and Chemicals Park that operates sustainably and exports sustainable products globally. This includes the study of the potential of a Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) test-bedding facility on Jurong Island - the CCU Translational Testbed. This facility will leverage the latest test bedding technologies, such as modularisation and digitalisation, to accelerate the development and scaling-up of CCU technologies in Singapore.
Singapore's “30 by 30” vision aims to build its agri-food industry's capability and capacity to produce 30 per cent of its nutritional needs locally and sustainably by 2030. With less than 1 per cent of land set aside for farming, this will require Singapore's agri-food sector to grow more with less, in a highly productive, climate-resilient, and resource-efficient way.
The SGBMP aims to deliver three key targets of “80-80-80 in 2030”.
1) Stepping up the pace to green 80% of its buildings by 2030
2) 80% of new developments by GFA to be Super Low Energy (SLE) buildings from 2030
3) Achieving 80% improvement in energy efficiency for best-in-class green buildings by 2030
The document acts as a plan for deep economic and social transformation to reinvigorate job creation and accelerate poverty reduction by steering the economy back on a high-growth path.
- Includes accelerating climate action (Chapter 15), Outcome 3: Low carbon economy transition enabled, which includes to a) implement the NDC policies and measures, b) Bolster private sector investments in green development, c) Ensure just transition of workers affected by the structural changes toward a greener, more sustainable, and low-carbon economy
The document outlines specific programs and strategies for adaptation and mitigation (2011 - 2018).
- Enhances adaptive capacity and resilience of communities and natural ecosystems to climate change.
- Adopts the total economic valuation of natural resources while ensuring biodiversity conservation.
- Recognizes the competitive advantage of putting value on the direct use, indirect use, option to use and non-use of environment and natural resources, as a short to long-term sustainable development goal.
The document serves as an energy blueprint supporting the government's Ambisyon Nation 2040 to chart a transformative direction towards attaining a clean energy future as well as a transformation plan to bring in more of the clean energy fuels and technologies that will dominate Philippines' porfolio of plans and programs for the next two decades.
Targets:
- at least 35% RE share in power generation mix by 2030
- at least 50% RE share in power generation mix by 2040
- transmission lines target year completion
The document serves as a comprehensive guide for industry stakeholders about the future landscape of the Philippines' electric power industry.
- Assesses the Philippines' power statistics and policies during 2019 - 2020
- Provides annual peakdemand forecast and power supply expansion plan under multiple scenarios
- Rolls-out the updated power sector roadmaps for generation, transmission, distribution, supply, electricity market, off-grid development, and total electrificiation.
Targets:
- at least 35% RE share in power generation mix by 2030
- at least 50% RE share in power generation mix by 2040
- power sector target year completion
The document focuses on accelerating RE development in the country
- Evaluates the NREP 2011-2030.
- Updates the RE target.
- Rolls-out a revitalized NREP Framework and Roadmap.
- Identifies investment themes and financing RE.
Targets:
- at least 35% RE share in power generation mix by 2030
- at least 50% RE share in power generation mix by 2040
- RE installed capacity targets by 2030 (biomass, geothermal, solar, hydropower, wind, ocean)
The document serves as a comprehensive framewrok and plan that institionalizes energy efficiency and conservation in the country across key sectors of the economy, and to establish the implementation of the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act and institutionalize energy efficiency and conservation as a national way of life geared towards the efficient and judicious utilization of energy across all sectors.
- Outlines the roadmap of Philippine Energy Efficiency and Conservation Roadmap 2023 - 2050.
- Provide a national framewrok to institutionalize the EEC Act.
- Define and outline all EEC programs to be implemented, their objectives and associated emission reduction targets over various time horizons.
- Provide a governance structure that brings together all key stakeholders and define their respective roles in fulfilling the provisions of EEC Act.
- Provide a Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework against the strategic actions of the National EEC Roadmap 2023 - 2050 to track performance against pre-defined targets and provide a basis for learning and improvement.
The document proposes programs and strategies to:
- Strengthen resilience of forest ecosystems and communities to climate change,
- Effectively respond to demands for forest ecosystems goods and services
- Promote responsive governance
Several forestry targets from 2003.
The plan outlines action plan for four components: EV and EVCS, Manufacturing, Human Resource Development, and Research and Development. Roadmap provides specific targets and activites to ensure a sustainable and just transition to an electrified transport secotr in the country.
To electrify a diverse range of vehicles and establish a domestic EV industry with strong export potential, with the aim of building a sustainable future, where new EVs and the required infrastructure are locally robust with reduced environmental impact. The industry goals:
- Increase the utilization of EVs in the domestic market
- Deploy a sufficient number of EV charging points across the country between 2023 and 2040
- Position the Philippine EV industry to become a producer and exporter of EVs by 2040
- Promote sustainable economic growth and just e-mobility transition by protecting employment in the automotive industry and providing capacity-building activities and EV-specific transition programs
- Support research and development in battery research, and EVCS technology, and digitalization to spur technological innovations and strengthen the competitiveness of the local EV industry
- In the residential sector, reduce energy consumption to 36% from the Business-As-Usual (business as usual) scenario which is about 16.2% of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035 against a 2005 baseline
- In the commercial sector, 41% reduction which is about 18.5% of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035 against a 2005 baseline
- Reduce energy consumption to 10% from the Business-As-Usual (business as usual) scenario which is about 4.5%t of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035 against a 2005 baseline
- Increase efficiency in the power generation from 23% to more than 45% by 2035 against a 2005 baseline
- 45 percent energy intensity reduction by 2035 (with 2005 as the base year) by 2035 against a 2005 baseline
- Increase the share of renewable energy in the total power generation mix by 2.7 percent or 124,000 MWh by 2017 and by 10 percent or 954,000 MWh by 2035
- Reduce about 13% of energy consumption from the Business-As-Usual (business as usual) scenario which is about 5.9%t of the total targeted energy intensity reduction by 2035
Not clearly stated about climate change objectives.
- Zero routine flaring and to As Low As Reasonably Praticable;
- Increase carbon sink through afforestation and reforestation with the target of planting 500,000 new trees;ncrease
- Total share fo EV TO 60% of total annual vehicle sales
- Increase total share of renewable energy to at least 30% of total capacity in energy mix
- Reduce GHG emissions by at least 10% throught better management of electricity consumption
- Reduce municipal waste to landfills to 1kg/person/day
The central goal is to transform Thailand into a 'developed country with security, prosperity, and sustainability', including relying on its Thailand 4.0 policy initiative.
The plan's objectives include to provide comprehensive guidelines to solve the problem of deteriorating and depleting natural resources and environment that the country has been facing, including foresting, degradation of soil quality, and threats to biodiversity, mismanagement of water resources.
The plan acts as a key mechanism to translate the National Strategy into implementation and as a framework for the formulation of third-level plans so as to enable relevant development partners to function in support of achieving the targets of the National Strategy within the excepted timeframe.
Provides guidelines for the implementation of the National Strategy and sets economic, social, and environmental targets to be achieved within five years.
The plan also outlines the direction of Thailand to reach higher levels of development. Principles for the plan include the ""Sufficiency Economy Philosophy"", ""Sustainable Development"", and ""Human-Centered Development"".
The policy document at the national level sets out targets and measures to be implemented towards achieving its net zero GHG emissions.
Its objectives are to:
- outline the key mitigation actions that Thailand will undertake in striving toward Paris Agreement, to be part of the solution to fight the climate crisis, which represent Thailand's continued and enhanced mitigation efforts in various sectors.
- ensure the transition to carbon neutrality of both economy and society with a holistic and full integration of all actors and a balanced consideration of economic, social, and environmental issues.
Defines targets including mid-term emissions reduction target in the energy and transport sectors, renewable energy, and energy intensity target. Its objectives are to:
- provide a long-term national framework for climate change adaptation and low carbon growth promotion according to sustainability development principle
- provide a policy framework for the development of mechanisms and tools, at sectoral and national level, to achieve effective resolutions for climate change
- provide government agencies and relevant organizations with a framework for detailed action plans facilitating awareness and mutual understanding by means of a common framework of reference points, thereby increasing integration and reducing redundant processes
- provide budgeting agencies with a clear framework for budget allocation, thus enabling the mobilization of concrete climate change resolutions
The master document integrates the Thailand Integrated Energy Blueprint that contains 5 plans (PDP, AEDP, EEP, Gas Plan, Oil Plan) and National Strategy with a target of carbon neutrality by 2065 - 2070.
- The NEP has set guidelines for the new improvement of 5 plans: a) Thailand PDP, 2) AEDP, 3) EEP, 4) Natural Gas Management Plan (Gas Plan), 5) Fuel Management Plan (Oil Plan).
- It has also defined four operational targets to drive for more RE by growing RE to create a balance that comes from wind, biomass, and solar: 1) Electric, 2) Natural Gas, 3) Fuel, 4) RE and EC
To lay out principles for the country's energy policy, with the goal of lowering carbon dioxide emissions to zero (carbon neutrality) by 2065 - 2070.
To foster energy efficiency and to bring energy security to Thailand, including by reducing the share of coal in the electricity generation, but also foresees an increase of the natural gas contribution.
To increase the share of RE for 30% of final energy consumption by the year 2037. It defines goals for the increase of RE to almost 30,000 MW by 2037, and to achieve approximately 34% of net national electrical energy demand being supplied by RE sources by 2037.
- Solar energy: 12,139 MW
- Floating solar energy: 2,725 MW
- Biomass: 5,790 MW
- Wind power: 2,989 MW
- Biogas: 1,565 MW
- Community waste: 900 MW
- Industrial waste: 75 MW
- Small hydropower: 308 MW
- Large hydropower 2,920 MW
To reduce the final energy consumption in 2037 to 30% of the 2010 baseline, using core measures including energy efficiency improvements in industrial facilities, energy-saving housing promotions, efficiency promotions for electric appliances and eco-stickers, mandatory application of the Energy Efficiency Resource Standard, soft loan provisions for energy efficiency improvements, promoting LED use, and energy efficiency promotions in the transportation sector
To plan the procurement of natural gas to be sufficient to meet the country's demand at a fair price, as well as the following operational goals:
- to promote the use of natural gas in various economic sectors and reduce air pollution problems
- to accelerate the exploration and production of natural gas from petroleum sources within the country joint development areas
- to develop natural gas infrastructure to be appropriate and sufficient to meet demand at the level region, including making efficient use of natural gas infrastructure
- to promote competition in the natural gas business for security, prosperity, and sustainability in the energy sector of Thailand
To be a long-term pan to support fuel management in line with the goal of energy conservation plan and alternative energy development plan and serve as a framework for the management of the future fuel mix which takes into account the environnment and risks that may impact both directly and indirectly to the development of the country's energy.
Roadmap to guide multi-agency efforts, particularly for EGAT, MEA, PEA in system and network modernization planning and investment .
To create sustainable transport; economic prosperity, environment friendly, and good social & quality of life. Several measures include:
- Change to alternative energy, green energy, and efficiency use in energy
- Road and rail integrated network around the country and neighbouring country
- Improve multi-modal transportation
- Improve transport system, efficiency, effectiveness, accesibility, safety, transport for all, (aging people and handicapped)
- more public private participation (PPP) investment
To set a goal of transforming the country into an EV manufacturing hub (including battery manufacturing and supplies, supporting infrastructure, including charging stations and power grid management, making Evs make up at least 30% of total domestic vehicle production by 2030.
Composed of 5 plans to guide the development of the transport sector, which is as follows: intercity rail networks development, improving public transport networks and services, enhancing connectivity between key domestic production bases and neighbouring countries, increasing water transport network, and enhancing air transport capability.
For the Bangkok region, the plan aims to restructure, improve, and enhance the efficiency of the rail network.
To attain innovative, well-balanced, and sustainable industrial sector:
- knowledge-based industry (2012-2016), to build a strong foundation throughout the value chain by improving regulations, laying down efficient structures for raw materials and labour, developing industrial clusters, and creating ASEAN supply chain in preparation for the AEC
- innovative industry (2012-2021), to adopt more advanced technology and to innovate products and services in response to customers' needs and enhance sectors' competitiveness
- sustainable industry (2012-203), to become not only creative but also green economy by taking into account adverse social and environmental impacts, and at the same time promoting Thai brands to gain global recognitions
The policy contains four measures:
- to reduce waste generation and improve waste collection by applying the ""3Rs"" (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) waste management principle, and improve the efficiency of waste separation to reduce disposal of waste
- increase waste recovery and disposal by introducing integrated technologies such as waste-to-energy systems
- improve the legal framework surrounding waste management
- encourage public involvement by promoting education, awareness campaigns and capacity building
The policy sets out a framework for the development of the agricultural sector which includes 5 strategies: strengthening the farmers and farmer instiutions, increasing the productivity and quality standards of agricultural commodities, increasing the competitiveness in the agricultural sector through technology and innovations, balanced and sustainable management of agricultural resources and the environment, and development of the public administration system.
The plan's objectives are to:
- establish pride in the agriculture profession for being self-sustained, through continuous transfer of technology, farmers' groupings, strong linkages with external networks, and narrowing income gap.
- promote among the farmers and their institutions the upgrade of their productivity, efficiency, and standards, as well as value added agriculture in response to market demands.
- build up the competitiveness of agricultural products as well as develop applicable researches, technology, and innovations.
- perform efficient management of agricultural resources toward their adjustability and immunity in dealing with the climate change.
To:
-achieve several goals for forest and biodiversity management which includes forest, marine and coastal resources, national parks, biodiversity, wildlife, land management, geological resources,
- achieve serveral goals for water management
- achieve several goals for solid waste and environmental management
- achieve several goals for the enhancement of eco-friendly production and consumption
- achieve several goals for the reduction of effects of climate change and natural disasters
- achieve several goals for the development of organizational management system
To:
- provide forest areas respecting the balance of ecosystems and utilization
- stop and prevent the destruction of forests and biodiversity
- ensure the conservation and utilization of forest resources, wildlife, and biodiversity
- efficient forest resource management system based on knowledge and innovation including participation of all sectors
This policy replaces the previous National Climate Action Plan. The targets:
- Achieve NDC (GHG emission reduction by 29%-41% by 2030 compared to baseline
- Achieve low carbon development and climate resilience by 2050
This document is the 5 year national development plan. One of the national development agenda for 2020-2024 is Improving the Environment and Increasing Disaster and Climate Resilience. Under this development agenda, there are two priority programs related to climate:
- Improving resilience against natural disaster and climate change: aim to reduce potential GDP loss due to disaster and climate hazards by 1.25% of total GDP
- Low carbon development: aim to reduce GHG emissions by 27.3% by 2024 and reduce GHG intensity by 31.6% by 2024
Outline the overall national energy policy and strategy with the vision of ""Just, sustainable, and environmentally concious energy management by prioritizing development of renewable energy and energy conservation in order to establish national energy security and independence.
The strategies are 1) maximizing renewable energy use with economic consideration, 2) minimizing petroleum oil use, 3) optimizing natural gas and new energy use, and 4) utilizing coal as the backbone of national energy supply. Nuclear is put as the last resort.
Among other targets, it sets the renewable energy share in primary energy mix target of 23% by 2025 and 31% by 2050.
It also projects GHG emissions reduction of 34.8% by 2025 and 58.3% by 2050 compared to BAU level, aligned with NDC.
Wawasan Brunei 2035 or Brunei Vision 2035 aims to turn Brunei Darussalam into a nation widely recognized for:
the accomplishments of its well educated and highly-skilled people as measured by the highest international standard; quality of life that is among the top 10 nations in the world; and dynamic and sustainable economy with income per capita within the top countries in the world.
Particularly, it aims for economic diversification in parallel to the reinforcement of the oil and gas sector. The Long-Term Development Plan (Brunei Vision 2035) recognizes that oil and gas resources cannot keep up with the increasing demand and population growth and set goals.
Electricity of Viet Nam Corporation (EVN) buys all the output from solar cells with an efficiency above 16% deployed before 30/6/2019 at a set price of 93.5 USD per MWh for 20 years
set at 76.8 USD per MWh for floating PVs, 70.9 USD per MWh for ground PVs and 83.8 USD for rooftop PVs, with PPAs of 20 years for projects starting operating before 31/12/2020
| Solar developers receive a corporate income tax exemption for the first four years of operation, followed by a gradual reduction, with a 50% income tax reduction for the subsequent nine years and a 10% reduction annually until the 15th year |
These exemptions and incentives were aimed at reducing the cost of solar energy projects and encouraging investment in the renewable energy sector.
Utility-scale solar projects are granted land lease payment exemptions, which can span from 3 years to the entire project's lifespan, depending on the project's location
In 2023, the Malaysian Government proposed a tax incentive for Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to limit CO2 emissions using CCS technologies while ensuring the achievement of the Low Carbon Nation Aspiration by 2040.
The proposed tax incentive scheme includes two mechanisms:
companies undertaking in-house CCS activity shall receive Investment Tax Allowance of 100% for 10 years, full import duty and sales tax exemption on the equipment used for CCS technology from 2023 to 2027, and tax deduction for pre-commencement expenses within 5 years from the start of operations;
companies undertaking CCS services shall receive Investment Tax Allowance of 100% for 10 years, full import duty and sales tax exemption on equipment for CCS technology from 2023 to 2027, and tax exemption of 70% on statuary income for 10 years. In addition, a tax deduction is also given for service fees incurred.
The Malaysia Biofuels Industry Act 2007 introduces a requirement to blend palm oil biodiesel with petroleum diesel (referred to as the B5 blend). Additionally, the act sets up a regulatory framework for licensing activities related to blending, storage, transportation, and the export of palm oil biodiesel.
"To address the issues and challenges, the Government has formed an Electric Vehicle Taskforce to facilitate policy formation on EV and to streamline EV incentives towards the adoption of EV in Malaysia. This initiative is in line with the National Investment Aspirations (NIA) to elevate the focus on Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) issues across all sectors.
The established Taskforce is currently looking into rationalising the EV agenda in Malaysia, and proposing recommendations for a comprehensive policy, which will help encourage EV manufacturers to make Malaysia their automated regional hub and to propel the adoption of EV as the preferred choice of local consumers. As the co-secretariat alongside MITI, MIDA is actively committed to attracting potential investment to Malaysia, while seizing opportunities to spur the EV automotive segment."
To promote electric mobility, in 2023 the Malaysian government introduced a tax incentive to attract investment in the manufacturing of electric vehicle charging equipment, ensuring local production at a competitive cost.
The proposed tax exemption includes:
100% income tax exemption for a 10 years period, from 2023 to 2032, for manufacturing companies that make early investments in 2023. Companies investing after 2023 will receive the remaining exemption period only;
100% Investment Tax Allowance for a 5 years period for manufacturing companies that can be compensated by up to 100% of their statutory income for each year.
To promote the use of low-carbon vehicles, in 2023 the Malaysian Government introduced new tax incentives for companies renting non-commercial motor vehicles, including Electric Vehicles (EV).
Currently, a tax deduction is given to companies under Section 39 (1)(k) of the Income Tax Act 1967 based on the following conditions:
If the cost of the vehicle does not exceed RM150,000, companies will receive a tax deduction on the rental amount up to RM100,000;
If the cost of the vehicle exceeds RM150,000, companies will receive a tax deduction on the rental amount up to RM50,000.
In 2023, the Government proposed to increase the tax deduction to companies renting non-commercial motor vehicles including EVs up to RM300,000. This measure will be effective from 2023 until 2025.
The BEV program allows foreign companies to sell cars in Malaysia without Approved Permit (AP) rules, thus making imported vehicles cheaper. This initiative aims to help boost EV demand in the local market and further promote the development of the ecosystem to support BEV adoption.
Incentives include offering exemptions for whole import duty, excise duty, and sales tax for locally-assembled EV until 31 December 2025, and exemptions for whole import duty and excise duty for imported EV until 31 December 2023 – will simultaneously support EV manufacturers and encourage EV ownership, which is expected to raise the EV industry and ecosystem while also allowing for more green investments and for the creation of high-skilled job opportunities in Malaysia.
Additionally, there will be tax exemptions that will come into play. A road tax exemption of up to 100% will be provided for EV on top of individual income tax relief of up to RM2,500 for the purchase, installation, rent, hire purchase, and subscription fees for EV charging facilities. Special tax incentives are also available for the development of critical EV components (as mentioned earlier).
All of these policies and initiatives are being set down for the next couple of years, as the Government targets for Malaysia to participate significantly in the regional electric mobility market by 2030.
In 2022, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), the Central Bank of Malaysia, launched a new Low Carbon Transition Facility (LCTF) under BNM’s fund for Small Medium Enterprises (SME). LCTF is a financing facility to encourage the commitment of SMEs in all sectors towards low carbon and sustainable business operations through financing capital expenditure.
The Low Carbon Transition Facility is open for SMEs in all sectors that are committed
to transform their business operations towards low carbon operations. This includes
improving energy efficiency, increasing use of sustainable material for production and
obtaining sustainability certification.
GTFS 1.0 offered a rebate of 2% per annum on interest or profit rates charged by financial institutions, while also providing a Government guarantee of 60% for the green cost of the financed amount. In addition to providing the GTFS 1.0 finacing facilities, GTFS 2.0 provides financing through green bond (“sukuk”) issuances. An amount of up to RM2.0 billion sukuk issuance is available, with the maximum of RM300 million for each company and a maximum period of 15 years for energy producer companies and 10 years for energy user companies. Apart from the category of producer and user companies benefiting under this scheme, GTFS 2.0 also supports Energy Services Company (ESCOs), where RM1.0 billion has been exclusively allocated to finance investments or assets related to energy-efficient projects and Energy Performance Contract. An ESCO is eligible to secure financing of up to RM25 million for a period of up to 5 years.
The bulk of projects approved are in the renewable energy sector which accounted to more than 80% of the loans approved. The approved projects are anticipated to contribute to the avoidance of over 3.7 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent every year. The GTFS has been instrumental in encouraging the participation of private financial institutions to invest in green ventures and it has brought together a total of 29 banks and financial institutions to participate in the Scheme. With increasing numbers of entrepreneurs venturing into the green technology sector, GTFS will continue to be an important enabler bridging financing gaps and empowering emerging green businesses in the country.
One of Malaysia's key strategies to promote efficient energy use in the country is to implement the minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) through the Electricity Regulations (Amendment) 2013. Five selected electrical appliances (refrigerator, air conditioner, television, domestic fans and lamp fittings) must comply with MEPS requirement in order to be sold in Malaysian market. Manufacturers, importers or distributors are issued Certificate of Approval (COA) if products are MEPS-compliant.
This code of practice gives guidance on the design, selection of materials and electrical appliances and efficient use of energy including the application of renewable energy in new and existing residential buildings.
The Electricity Energy Regulations were issued in 2008 as provided by the Electricity Supply Act 1990. After a preliminary part, they deal with ""Electrical Energy Management"", ""Registered Electrical Energy Management"" and with a general part. he law covers two main items:
1. requirement to disclose energy consumption for large electric energy consumers (3 000 000 kWhr or greater within 6 consecutive months). Failure to do so entails a fine not exceeding 5000 MYR
2. requirement that a registered electrical energy manager conducts the audit.
The Renewable Energy Act was enforced in 2011 to accelerate contribution from green energy such as solar photovoltaic (PV), biomass, biogas and mini hydro in Malaysia’s electricity generation mix. The Act provides for the establishment and implementation of FiT special tariff system to catalyse the generation of renewable energy.
The Sustainable Energy Development Authority (SEDA) was established through the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Act of 2011, with its primary responsibility being the supervision and management of the renewable energy feed-in tariff program as outlined in the Renewable Energy Act of 2011.
The government of Malaysia introduced the Net Energy Metering Scheme in November 2016 with quota allocation of 500 MW up to year 2020 to encourage Malaysia’s Renewable Energy (RE) uptake. The concept of NEM is that the energy produced from the solar PV installation will be consumed first, and any excess will be exported to TNB at prevailing displaced cost.
As an effort to encourage the NEM uptake, the NEM 2.0 was introduced on 1st January 2019, and the true net energy metering concept was adopted, where it allows excess solar PV generated energy to be exported back to the grid on a “one-on-one” offset basis. The 500MW quota under the NEM 2.0 has been fully subscribed by 31st December 2020.
Due to overwhelming response from the PV industry and in an effort to boost the usage of Solar energy, the Energy and Natural Resources Minister via a press statement by KeTSA on 29th December 2020 has introduced the new Net Energy Metering 3.0 programme (NEM 3.0) to provide more opportunities to electricity consumers to install solar PV systems on the roofs of their premises to save on their electricity bill. The NEM 3.0 will be in effect from 2021 to 2023 and the total quota allocation is up to 1050 MW.
Large Scale Solar or known as LSS is a competitive bidding programme to drive down the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for the development of large scale solar photovoltaic plant (LSS) and Energy Commission is the implementing agency for this scheme.
The Green Building Index (GBI) is Malaysia’s industry recognised green rating tool for buildings to promote sustainability in the built environment and raise awareness among Developers, Architects, Engineers, Planners, Designers, Contractors and the Public about environmental issues and government's responsibility to the future generations.
The GBI rating tool provides an opportunity for developers and building owners to design and construct green, sustainable buildings that can provide energy savings, water savings, a healthier indoor environment, better connectivity to public transport and the adoption of recycling and greenery for their projects and reduce our impact on the environment. GBI is a voluntary and not a statutory requirement and GBI Accredition Panel is responsible for issuing all GBI certification
Singapore’s carbon tax underpins its net zero targets and climate mitigation efforts by providing an effective economic signal to steer producers and consumers away from carbon-intensive goods and services, hold businesses accountable for their emissions, and enhance the business case for the development of low-carbon solutions.
The carbon tax mechanism is also supported by a robust measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) framework.
The carbon tax level was set at S$5/tCO2e for the first five years from 2019 to 2023 to provide a transitional period for emitters to adjust. The carbon tax will be raised to S$25/tCO2e in 2024 and 2025, and S$45/tCO2e in 2026 and 2027, with a view to reaching S$50-80/tCO2e by 2030. The tax applies to all facilities emitting 25 ktCO2 or more GHG emissions without exemption and covers around 80% of national emissions.
The Resource Efficiency Grant for Emissions (REG(E)) aims to encourage improvement in energy efficiency of manufacturing facilities and data centres. The REG(E) is part of the Enhanced Industry Energy Efficiency package, with the Energy Market Authority (EMA), Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) and the National Environment Agency (NEA) each rolling out initiatives to extend stronger support to companies in their drive to become more energy efficient and reduce carbon emissions.
The IA-ER scheme will aim for-
a) Expansion in the scope of qualifying projects involving a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; and
b) Streamlined and updated eligibility conditions, to include data centres and non-data centres
The investment allowance is granted on capital expenditure incurred for energy-efficient or green data centre projects.
The Enterprise Sustainability Programme (ESP) supports Singapore companies, especially SMEs, to build capabilities and capture new opportunities. The ESP includes a series of courses designed to help them get better at navigating their sustainability journeys and supports various capability and product development projects via the Enterprise Development Grant.
Owners who register fully electric cars will receive a rebate of 45 per cent off the Additional Registration Fee (ARF), with a revised cap of $15,000 in 2024. This will narrow the upfront cost gap between electric and internal combustion engine cars.
Under the VES, buyers of newly-registered cars and taxis may enjoy a rebate off the ARF, subject to the minimum ARF payable where applicable, or pay a surcharge depending on the VES band of the car or taxi. Rebates for vehicles in Band A2 will be decreased to $5,000 for cars, and $7,500 for taxis. The revised VES rebates encourage the adoption of cleaner energy cars, with an emphasis on electric and other zero tailpipe emission cars.
The incentive amounts for Band A2 will be reduced starting in Jan 2024.
The ARF floor will be lowered from SGD 5,000 to SGD 0 for fully electric cars and taxis, so that buyers of mass-market electric cars can enjoy the combined EEAI and VES rebates of up to SGD45,000.
Road taxes for fully electric and petrol electric cars will be reduced by up to 34 per cent for those whose cars are in the 90-230kW power rating bracket. This is to ensure that mass-market electric cars pay similar road tax quantum compared to their internal combustion engine equivalents.
Provides regulatory standards to develop robust EV eco-system in Singapore. It lays out particulars of EV Charging Systems, licenced experts/ technicians, installation & verification requirements, users' responsibilities.
For non-landed private residences such as condominiums and private apartments, EV Common Charger Grant was launched to catalyse the deployment of EV chargers by co-funding installation costs.
The ECCG will co-fund installation costs of 2,000 EV chargers at NLPRs, as an early adoption incentive. As NLPRs form a significant proportion of residences in Singapore, improving charger provision and access is an important step towards improving the coverage of Singapore’s national EV charging network.
Applications for the ECCG opened on 29 July 2021 and will be assessed on a first-come, first-served basis. The ECCG will be available until 31 December 2025, or until 2,000 chargers have been supported by co-funding, whichever is earlier.
A fleet of 1,000 electric cars, with 2,000 supporting electric charging points, to be rolled out progressively within 4 years starting mid-2017. 20% of charging points will be opened up to the public; EV car-sharing to be made available in every single housing estate by 2020.
The Land Transport Authority (LTA) has been working closely with BlueSG to identify and secure suitable parking lots across Singapore for the vehicle charging stations.
MOT will enhance EV users’ access to information on the public EV charging network. Currently, EV users may need to log into different applications to find and compare charging points. To give EV users the full picture, LTA has developed a single platform and partnered multiple EV charging operators to aggregate and display key information of charging facilities. This includes the location of the nearest chargers, their prices, and their power rating. This will enable EV users to locate and use charging points more easily. This platform will be available as a new module on the MyTransport.SG Mobile app. With support from industry partners – Bluecharge, CDG ENGIE, Charge+, Shell Recharge, SP Mobility – the app will provide information of over 800 charging points in 200 locations. MOT will continue to improve this module with new features such as real time charging point availability, and welcome other industry partnerships.
Existing Euro II, III and IV Category C diesel vehicles are eligible for the ETS incentive. The incentives will be based on the type of the existing vehicle and replacement vehicle registered under the ETS. Replacement vehicles without tailpipe emissions will enjoy the highest incentives. The ETS incentive will complement CVES to help bridge the higher upfront cost of electric LCVs in CVES Band A, furthering the push for cleaner energy vehicles.
The incentive amounts were adjusted since Apr 2023.
CVES aims to encourage the adoption of cleaner light commercial vehicles, to reduce emissions of harmful pollutants and greenhouse gases. CVES is a fee-rebate (“feebate”) scheme that incentivises buyers who choose cleaner models (up to $15,000), and imposes a surcharge ($15,000) on buyers who choose more pollutive models.
The incentive amounts were reduced since Apr 2023 to: $15,000 for new light commercial vans with no tailpipe emissions (e.g. EVs); and $5,000 for new light commercial vans with tailpipe emissions below a stipulated threshold.
To assist car buyers make informed decisions, the CO2/km performance data for each car model will be provided on mandatory information labels at car showrooms. LTA will also set up a new FELS online database and online fuel cost calculator so that buyers can easily access and compare the carbon emissions and fuel efficiency performance data across car models. These changes will be made progressively after LTA takes over the administration of the Fuel Economy Labelling Scheme (FELS) from NEA around mid 2012.
The Land Transport Authority (LTA) will accelerate the building of cycling path networks and active mobility infrastructure across Singapore over the next 10 years under a new Islandwide Cycling Network (ICN) Programme. LTA’s preliminary estimate is that this will cost more than $1 billion. The programme will bring greater convenience and enhanced connectivity to active mobility device users, and improve safety for all path users, including pedestrians.
Cycling Path Networks (CPNs) introduce infrastructural upgrades designed to provide a safe and conducive environment for active mobility users of different ages and proficiency levels to commute around towns with greater ease and convenience.
An Act to mandate energy efficiency requirements and energy management practices for Energy-intensive Industrial Facilities to promote energy conservation, improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact. The ECA was accompanied by 3 main regulatory tools-
1. Energy Conservation (Registrable Corporations) Order 2013
2. Energy Conservation (Energy Management Practices) Regulations 2013
3. Energy Conservation (Composition of Offences) Regulations 2013
Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme (MELS) was launched in 2008 and Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) was launched in 2011 with an aim to improve the energy efficiency of a range of household appliances. By buying more efficient models with better energy efficiency ratings, households can consume less energy, save money on their electricity bills and help to reduce carbon emissions.
To help businesses within the Food Services, Food Manufacturing or Retail sectors to cope with rising energy costs, through co-funding investments in more energy efficient equipment (up to 70% funding support, capped at SGD30K). It provides financial support for SMEs to adopt pre-approved energy efficient equipment in the following categories: LED lighting, air-conditioners, cooking hobs, refrigerators, water heaters and clothes dryers.
The Energy Efficiency Grant Call for Power Generation Companies aims to encourage the power sector to further improve its generation efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. The grants are subject to a cap of up to 50% of the qualifying cost of energy efficiency projects. This is expected to help gencos reduce the costs of energy efficiency projects and improve their overall generation efficiency.
While advanced CCGTs have higher energy efficiency, the early mover reserve cost disadvantage that the larger advanced CCGTs would face is a key barrier of entry. To help mitigate this early mover disadvantage, EMA launched an incentive scheme for advanced CCGTs. This is to encourage power generation companies to adopt new and more efficient advanced CCGTs to reduce their carbon emissions.
It is a Whole-Of-Government effort led by the Economic Development Board (EDB) and HDB to accelerate the deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in Singapore. This programme helps to promote and aggregate demand for solar PV across HDB estates and government agencies to achieve economies of scale, as well as drive the growth of Singapore’s solar industry.
JTC's SolarRoof Program aims to maximise the use of industrial building rooftops to contribute towards clean energy sources in Singapore through the installation of solar panels. The solar panels installation covers both JTC buildings and privately leased industrial properties.
Intended to provide a clear framework to improve the integrity of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) requirements for the issuance and management of RECs. It covers guidelines across the lifecycle of RECs – from production, tracking, management, to the usage of the certificates for renewable energy claims in Singapore.
An initiative to accelerate the development of viable low-carbon energy technologies in Singapore, the LCER Programme was introduced in 2020. In 2022, Singapore allocated an additional $129 million to the initiative to further unlock key technological bottlenecks, especially in the hydrogen value chain.
To advance sustainable development, the Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulations requires a minimum environmental sustainability standard for new buildings and existing buildings that undergo major retrofitting.
Since 2010, building developments on land sold under the Government Land Sales (GLS) Programme in selected strategic areas are subject to higher Green Mark standards under the Building Control (Environmental Sustainability) Regulations 2008. This helps maximise the potential for cost-effective energy-saving solutions in the built environment.
To achieve an all-round sustainable built environment, it is important to ensure that existing buildings continue to operate efficiently throughout their life cycle.
Owners of existing buildings must:
1. Comply with the minimum environmental sustainability standard (Green Mark standard)
2. Submit periodic energy efficiency audits of the building’s cooling systems
3. Submit information in respect of energy consumption and other related information as required by the Commissioner of Building Control
As part of SG Green Building Masterplan, BCA introduced the $63-million Green Mark Incentive Scheme for Existing Buildings 2.0 (GMIS-EB 2.0), with the objective to raise the energy performance of existing buildings and step up the pace to green 80% of our buildings by 2030. The Scheme will provide grant support to building owners on their goals to attain higher energy performance by lowering the upfront capital costs for energy efficiency retrofits and improve the returns on investment, particularly for buildings meeting Super Low Energy or Zero Energy standards.
BCA requires all building owners to submit their energy performance data. The statistics and figures drawn from data collected through the Annual Mandatory Submission via the BCA Building Energy Submission System (BESS) forms the fundamentals of the annual BCA Building Energy Benchmarking Report (BEBR). This technical report provides transparency in the energy performance of buildings in Singapore as it allows public disclosure of building energy performance and ranking.
CBDI - Aims to encourage the conversion of existing, older, office developments into mixed-use developments that will help rejuvenate the CBD.
SDI - Aims to encourage the redevelopment of older buildings in strategic areas into new, bold and innovative developments that will positively transform the surrounding urban environment.
From 4 Apr 2022, all CBDI and SDI developments will have to attain minimum Green Mark (GM) Platinum Super Low Energy under the prevailing GM framework. To push the boundaries in sustainability, the deployment of photovoltaics (PV) to offset the building’s energy consumption is to be adopted in these developments, where relevant.
The Built Environment Transformation Gross Floor Area (BE Transformation GFA) Incentive Scheme ("Scheme") aims to encourage greater adoption of enhanced Construction Industry Transformation Map (ITM) standards in areas of digitalisation, productivity and sustainability ("ITM Outcome Requirements") in private sector developments.
Serving as a one-stop integrated RD&D hub to experiment, exhibit and exchange knowledge of promising building energy efficient solutions with industry stakeholders. GBIC 2.0 also serves to coordinate and disseminate building energy efficiency related activities and data.
To reduce dependence on imported fuels, with due regard to the protection of public health, the environment, and natural ecosystems consistent with the country's sustainable economic growth that would expand opportunities for livehood by mandating the use of biofuels as a measure to:
- develop and utilize indigenous renewable and sustainbly-sourced clean energy sources to reduce dependence on imported oil
- mitigate toxic and GHG emissions
- increase rural employment and income
- ensure the availability of alternative and renewable clean energy without any detriment to the natural ecosystem, biodiversity, and food reserves of the country
To:
- ensure energy security and reduce imported fuel for transport
- provide enabling environment for the development of Evs
- promote and support innovation in clean, sustainable, and efficient energy
- protect the health and well-being of the people
- safeguard and improve the intergrity, reliability, and stability of the country's electric power grid
- promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization (recognize priate sector's role to support the transition, etc.)
- generate employment opportunities for local skilled workforce
- protect and safeguard cultural heritage
- recognize the role of LGUs
To ensure energy security (reduce imported fuel), to reduce transportation emissions, by
- temporarily modifying the rates of import duty on EVs, and their parts and components will help boost the EV market in the country, support the transition to emerging technologies, and encourage consumers to consider EVs as a cleaner and greener transportation option
- temporarily reduction of the Most-Favored Nation (MFN) tariff rates for a period of five (5) years on certain EVs/parts/comp.
To provide a comfortable, accessible, reliable, environment-friendly, and sustainable public transportation for every Filipino
To create the Energy Virtual One-Stop Shop (EVOSS), mainly to:
- ensure the quality, reliability, and security of energy
- recognize the indispensable role of the private sector in power GTD
To create the EVOSS Task Group (ETG) which streamlines processes, ensure the increasing operationalization of EVOSS, ensure compliance, ensure compliance, monitor and assess EVOSS
- ensure transparency and accountability
- deliver efficient and effective service to the public
To:
- enhance the powers and functions of the joint congressional energy comission, amending RA 9136
To extend Section 73 of RA 9163 - Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001
To establish the Philippine Greenhouse Gas Inventory Management and Reporting System (PGHGIMRS) based on:
- RA 8749 or Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
- RA 9729 or Climate Change Act of 2009
- National Climate Change action Plan which identified the implementation of a national system for the archiving, reporting, monitoring, and evaluating GHG emissions
To:
- Affirm labor as a primary social economic force in promoting sustainable development
- Afford full protection to labor
- Promote the rights of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology
To promote sustainability reporting and make it relevant for Philippine publicly-listed companies (PLCs), the Commission
To explain the process for project evaluation and selection, management of proceeds, and reporting for sustainable finance
To promote incentive schemes for exporters and domestic market for Tier 1 - Tier 3 specific activities.
To:
- Quoting PDP: to recognize a balance among energy tariffs, service realibility, and environmental soundness of technologies in ensuring energy supply flexibility and sucirity, and improving electric grid performance and asset utilization
- quoting PEP: technology-neutral approach for the optimal energy mix
- recognize nuclear energy, commiting to IAEA and international standards
To:
- declare the moratorium of endorsements for greenfield coal-power projects
- allow 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal exploration, development, and utilization projects
To:
- present the big picture of the objectives and benefits of the Net-Metering Program so that the various participants/stakeholders will appreciate the value of their contributions
- discuss in simple language (Concept of Net-Metering (NM), participants/stakeholders in NMP, components of a NM facility, steps in participating in the NM, implementation arrangement between stakeholders, procurement of solar PV facility and its components
- give practical tips to NMP participants especially the QEs
To:
- ensure and accelerate the total electrification of the country
- ensure the quality, reliability, security, and affordability of the supply of electric power
- ensure transparent and reasonable prices of electricity,
- enhance the inflow of private capital and broaden the ownership base of the power GTD
- ensure fair and non-discriminatory treatment of public and private sector entitites
- protect the public interest
- assure socially and environmentally compatible energy sources and infrastructure
- promote the utilization of indigenous and new and renewable energy resources in power generation
- provide for an orderly and transparennt privatization of the assets and liabilities of the National Power Corporation (NPC)
- establish a strong and purely independent regulatory body and system
- encourage the efficient use of energy and other modalities of demand side management
To:
- ensure total electrification of the country and ensure the quality, reliability, and affordability of power
- pursue rural electrification, especially in economically unviable areas
- utilize rapid advancements in technology which have facilitated the development of microgrids, distributed energy resources (DERs), and others.
To:
- accelerate the exploration and development of RE resources
- increase the utilization of renewable energy
- encourage the development and utilization of RE tools
- establish the necessary infrastructure and mechanism
To:
- grant Solar Para Sa Bayan Corporation a franchise to construct, establish, operate, and maintain distributed energy resources and microgrids in the remote and unviable, or unserved or underserved areas in selected provinces in the Philippines
After the Feed-in-Tariff system, the auction rounds offer a proposed total RE capacity during a determined period (example for GEA-1 inJune 2022 (to deliver energy from 2023 - 2025). GEA-2 will be conducted in June 2023 for 2024 - 2026, and GEA-3 is planned to take place by the fourth quarter of 2023.
To inform that foreign nationals are allowed to own more than 50% of capital in public services engaged in the operation and management of critical infrastructure, but only if the country of such foreign nationals accords reciprocity to Philippine nationals under foreign law or a treaty.
To improve the efficiency of building performance through a framework of standards that will enhance environmental and resource management that will counter the harmful gases …
To:
- institutionalize energy efficiency and conservation
- promote and encourage the development and utilization of efficient renewable energy technologies and systems to ensure optimal use and sustainability of the country's energy resources
- reinforce related laws/statutory provisions for a comprehensive approach to energy efficiency, conservation, sufficiency, and sustainability in the country
- ensure a market-driven approach to energy efficiency, conservation, sufficiency, and sustainability in the country
Improving the overall existing power generation efficiency to more than 45% by replacing a
simple-cycle power plant with a more efficient combined-cycle or co-generation plant and by
having a structured maintenance program in place.
· Maximize utilization of the combined-cycle power plant (by 2012).
· The new power station shall have power generation efficiency > 45%.
· Replacement of the existing simple-cycle power station to the combined-cycle plant
(by 2015).
· Expansion of the existing co-generation plant (by 2014).
· Introducing ORegen technology.
Introduced 4-tier new tariff structure for residential customers. The new electricity tariff carries a progressive structure as opposed to the former regressive regime.
The Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EEC) initiatives establish energy efficiency and conservation standards as well as a regulatory mechanism for buildings in Brunei Darussalam. The guidelines are mandatory for all government buildings and voluntary to all commercial buildings. Regarding the latter, it will become mandatory upon notification by government authorities.
Labelling requirements for window and single split, non-inverter Air Conditioners in Brunei:
1 star (Energy Efficiency rating low): EER < 2.5
2 stars (Energy Efficiency rating fair): EER = 2.5
3 stars (Energy Efficiency rating good): EER = 2.78
4 stars (Energy Efficiency rating very good): EER = 3.2
Setting up minimum energy efficiency standards for air conditioners in the first phase, followed by refrigerators, lightings and other appliances in the subsequent phases.
Assesses sustainability in non-residential buildings through the energy efficiency index (EEI). It awards the BAGUS seal to buildings that achieve a 15% annual energy consumption reduction.
Require manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers, and retailers in Brunei Darussalam to import and sell electrical appliances that meet consumers’ Minimum Energy Performance Standards. The involved parties and goods will have to be registered to the authority, which will be chosen and published in the Gazette, to be able to sell eco-friendly goods. The license will be valid for three years. Air conditioning systems will be the main priority.
Audited government and commercial buildings’ energy performance, 13 buildings located in Temburong District. The audited building owners were given a Building Energy Label Certificates (BELC).
LAW: https://www.tilleke.com/insights/boi-expands-promoted-activities-for-electric-vehicle-manufacturers/
The policy aims to extend the tax incentives towards the manufacture section of automotive platforms for Evs and towards a new category of electric bikes. Overall, the EV section contains these categories and tax incentives:
4.24 Manufacture of BEV, PHEV, HEV, and platform for BEVs - up to 8 years of CIT exemption
4.26 Manufacture of electric battery tricycles and platforms - 3 years of CIT exemption
4.27 Manufacture of electric battery buses and trucks and platforms - 3 years of CIT exemption
4.28 Manufacture of e-bikes - 3 years of CIT exemption
In 2023, the Thai government allocated THB 24 billion to subsidise the production of battery cells for Electric Vehicles (EVs). This subsidiary mechanism is implemented through “the EV Board” as a commitment to meet Thailand's national target of 30% of the total electric car production by 2030.
The subsidies intend to reduce the cost of production, aiming at cheaper prices for EVs in domestic markets.
From 2012, there is an eight-year exemptions from corporate income tax (with a cap) for investment in advanced vehicle parts tech (includes HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs batteries, and traction motors for hybrid/fuel-cell cars. The years of exemption can be extended based on the share of R&D expenditures in their total revenues.
From 2012, there is an eight-year exemptions from corporate income tax (with a cap) for investment in advanced vehicle parts tech (includes HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs batteries, and traction motors for hybrid/fuel-cell cars. The years of exemption can be extended based on the share of R&D expenditures in their total revenues.
The Thai government introduced ten supportive measures to alleviate the impact of rising energy prices on the most economically vulnerable consumers, including:
- Diesel retail price capped at THB 30/litre through an excise tax reduction. Tax cuts on diesel were later extended, allowing for a reduction of THB 5/litre from January to July 2023.
- Compressed Natural Gas retail price to be capped at THB 15.59/kg
- 20 million households with low consumption records to be entitled to a THB 0.22c/kWh from May to August
- a 3 month increase in the monthly cooking gas subsidy (from THB 45 to THB 100) enacted for state welfare beneficiaries
- a 3 month discount for gasohol purchase (THB 5/litre for a maximum of 50 litres) enacted for motorcycle taxi drivers
- a 3 month price cap (THB 3.62/kg) implemented on LPG for taxi drivers
- a 3 month discount for cooking gas purchase (THB 100/month) for street vendors holding a state welfare card.
Between January and April 2023, the Thai government allocated THB 75 billion for electricity subsidies to mitigate the effects of energy price increases. Reductions in electricity bills will be granted to households using up to 300 units of electricity per month and residing within the regions covered by the services specified in the Royal Thai concessions contract.
To:
- establish a new regulatory framework, with independent performance of energy policy making, regulation, formulation, and implementation, for the electric power and natural gas sectors.
- encourage engagement of the private sector and the general public through active participation and increased competition, promote the efficient and environmentally responsible use of energy resources, and also promote the use of RE sources.
- establish the Energy Regulatory Commission and define its authorities and duites and the specifics of certain operations, such as setting tariffs, energy network system supervision and power development funding.
- provide comprehensive guidance for energy industry policy making and define the powers of the Minister.
The objectives of this Act are to:
- promote adequate and secure energy service provision, while maintaining fairness for both energy consumers and licensees
- protect energy consumers' benefits in terms of both tariffs and service quality
- promote competition in the energy industry and prevent abusive use of dominance in the energy industry operation
- promote fairness and transparency of the service provision of the energy network systems, without unjust discrimination
- promote the efficient energy industry operation and ensure fairness for both licensees and energy consumers
- protect the rights and liberty of the energy consumers, local communities, general public and licensees in terms of participation, accessibility, utilization and management of energy under the criteria that are fair for stakeholders
- promote economical and efficient use of energy and resources in the energy industry operation, with due consideration of the environmental impact and the balance of natural resources; and
- promote the use of renewable energy that has less adverse impact on the environment in the electricity industry operation
The regulation, issued by Thailand's ERC, sets forth the Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) system for renewable energy projects selling electricity to state electricity authorities in Thailand until the year 2030.
To (focused on key energy end-use sectors, including industrial and buildings sectors, with respect to energy conseration and efficiency improvement):
- be referred to as guidance for policy, strategy, and programme development as far as energy conservation is concerned, with the aim of promoting application of high-efficiency measures in end-use sectors.
- define the authorities and duties of relevant governmental entities, and determine (institutionally and financially) the supportive schemes and programmes for promoting and supporting energy efficiency improvements in end-use sectors.
- define the penalties for non- and under-compliance with the act, or fraudulent behaviours.
The act provides owners of designated factories and buildings to implement energy conservation management systems, energy management working group, energy conservation objectives.
Also to add is evaluation regarding the energy management, and supervision, inspection, and annual assessment, certification, reporting.
The project focuses on production and sale of green refrigeration and air conditioning (GreenRAC) equipment, capacity building on servicing and use, revisions to the policy and financial framework, and awareness raising of benefits and the need for behavioural change.
The act will establish the National Climate Change Policy Committee, specifies rights of citizens regarding climate change, states regarding the obligations of the state towards climate change, and the development and administration of a national GHG database.
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DOCUMENT OBJECTIVES:
To lay out Thailand's action plan for climate change mitigation and adaptation, including emissiions reductions. Some of the key sections in the draft law involve citizen rights, government obligations, the National Climate Change Policy Committee, and a national GHG database.
Objective: to improve energy efficiency and conservation
This regulation expand the mandatory energy management to:
- Energy producers with annual energy consumption of at least 6000 TOE
- Transportation sector with annual energy consumption of at least 4000 TOE
- Industry with annual energy consumption of at least 4000 TOE
- Household
- Commercial building with annual energy consumption of at least 500 TOE
- Central and local government agencies
In addition, it provides the legal basis for MEPS and labelling,
Objective: Increase investment and accelerate renewable energy mix and GHG emissions reduction.
The regulation set the moratorium of new on-grid coal power plants with several exceptions, set restrictions for new captive coal power plants, and set new pricing scheme for renewable energy.
Objective:
Implementation of energy efficiency measures for appliances
Inform energy users on energy efficient appliances
Objective: Accelerate deployment of rooftop solar PV for own use.
The regulation set a new net-metering tariff of 1:1
This document is the implementing regulation of carbon pricing for climate mitigation. Implementation of carbon pricing through carbon trading, carbon offset, performance based payment, carbon levy, or other mechanism.
Objective: Reduce GHG emissions from power sector through carbon pricing
This regulation sets:
- the procedure to set the emission cap
- the roadmap of carbon pricing in power generation
- the principles for carbon trading and carbon offset
- the procedure for monitoring, reporting, and evaluation
Set the MEPS and labelling procedure for air conditioners
To establish the procedure of converting gasoline motorcycles into battery electric motorcycles, including certification process and technical requirements for conversion workshop.
The objective of this regulation is to promote the use of electric vehicles in Indonesia as part of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and reducing fossil fuel import. The regulation covers wide range of aspects in creating supportive EV ecosystem: infrastructure development, industrial development, funding and incentives, standards and certification, research and development, and partnership.
Provide fiscal incentives for purchase of electric motorcycles: 200,000 units in 2023 and 600,000 units in 2024. Subsidy provided is IDR 7,000,000 (~USD 500) per unit. Eligible unit should have local content of at least 40%.
Provide fiscal incentives for purchase of electric vehicles through VAT reduction.
The VAT reduction includes:
1) A 10% cut for cars and buses with a minimum 40% of local content;
2) A 5% tax reduction for cars and buses with less than 40% and minimum of 20% local content.
Provide fiscal incentives for owners to convert their gasoline motorcycle into battery electric motorcycles. Incentives provided is IDR 7 million per unit, with quota set at 50 thousand units in 2023 and 150 thousand units in 2024. It also set the maximum conversion cost of IDR 17 million.
To accelerate the utilization of BEV as official government vehicles, the presidential instruction provides direction and responsibilities for each ministries/agencies/government bodies
The latest update of the regulation was carried out as an effort to provide ease in licensing for electric vehicle charging infrastructure businesses, as well as to enhance the interest and attraction of businesses to invest in the electric vehicle charging sector. This also aims to increase the usage of electric vehicles within the community.
Accelerate utilization of biofuel to reduce oil import and save foreign exchange. The regulation sets the blending target for bioethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuel.
In an effort to cushion domestic consumers from the impact of the global energy crisis, the Cambodian government is stabilising electricity price through the State-owned Electricité du Cambodge utility.
Based on 2030 business as usual projections, Cambodia hopes to increase energy efficiency in the following sectors:
- 20% in the industrial sector, from 38,600 GWh to 30,800 GWh (using energy performance standards);
- 34% in the residential sector, from 17,981 GWh to 11,826 GWh (by making a building energy code);
- 25% in commercial buildings (including public buildings), from 8,552 GWh to 6,431 GWh (by developing standards and labelling programs);
- 29% in public services, from 42 GWh to 30 GWh (using LEDs and more efficient wastewater puming systems);
- 5% in the transport sector, from 24,662 GWh to 23,383 GWh (electrification of transportation and construction of public transport).
The Rural Electrification Fund (REF), established in 2004 to accelerate the development of rural electrification in Cambodia.
The fund includes:
This policy aims at providing guidance and reference to the agencies and stakeholders responsible for overseeing the implementation of investment projects in the hydropower sector. It aims at encouraging investors and developers to consider its implications for the environment, communities, and local economies. The policy is not limited to large-scale projects but extends to all scales where necessary, covering all the stages of project development, including planning, construction, operation, and transferring ownership. The decree enacting the policy stipulates that the Ministry of Energy and Mines is responsible for enforcing it. The policy superseds the Environment and Social Sustainability of the Hydropower Sector from 2005.
The Law on Electricity determines the principles, rules and measures on the organization, operation, management and inspection of electrical activities.
The last revision requires the drafting of a 10 year power development plan.
The 2009 Law on Investment Promotion in Lao PDR is particularly relevant to renewable energy ventures, the law offers various incentives such as duty-free import privileges for production machinery, equipment, and raw materials. Biofuels-related chemical materials enjoy duty-free import for seven years. Profit tax rates are categorized based on different investment promotion zones, with potential exemptions in the subsequent accounting year for businesses utilizing profits for expansion. Notably, large and small-scale hydropower projects receive additional benefits under the same law, overseen by the Department of Energy Business. These include free land access, exemptions from land conversion fees, and reductions or waivers on import duty for essential materials, equipment, and supplies.
Introduced 4-tier new tariff structure for residential customers. The new electricity tariff carries a progressive structure as opposed to the former regressive regime.
The Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EEC) initiatives establish energy efficiency and conservation standards as well as a regulatory mechanism for buildings in Brunei Darussalam. The guidelines are mandatory for all government buildings and voluntary to all commercial buildings. Regarding the latter, it will become mandatory upon notification by government authorities.
Labelling requirements for window and single split, non-inverter Air Conditioners in Brunei:
1 star (Energy Efficiency rating low): EER < 2.5
2 stars (Energy Efficiency rating fair): EER = 2.5
3 stars (Energy Efficiency rating good): EER = 2.78
4 stars (Energy Efficiency rating very good): EER = 3.2
Assesses sustainability in non-residential buildings through the energy efficiency index (EEI). It awards the BAGUS seal to buildings that achieve a 15% annual energy consumption reduction.
Require manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers, and retailers in Brunei Darussalam to import and sell electrical appliances that meet consumers’ Minimum Energy Performance Standards. The involved parties and goods will have to be registered to the authority, which will be chosen and published in the Gazette, to be able to sell eco-friendly goods. The license will be valid for three years. Air conditioning systems will be the main priority.
Audited government and commercial buildings’ energy performance, 13 buildings located in Temburong District. The audited building owners were given a Building Energy Label Certificates (BELC).